MHRA is a referencing system developed by the Modern Humanities Research Association. It is often used in university arts and humanities subjects, and is the referencing system used within History at NPTC.
MHRA is a footnote-bibliography referencing system, which means that a superscript number in the text refers to footnotes found at the bottom of each page. An alphabetised reference list/bibliography is included at the end of the assignment.
There are 3 parts to the MHRA system, instead of naming authors in the text, numbers are used to denote citations. These number are linked to a full reference in a footnote, and in your Bibliography. These cited sources are numbered in the order in which you refer to them in your work.
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Examples:
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Book |
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First footnote |
Henry Dunning, Renewable Energy (Cambridge: Independence Educational Publishers, 2018), p. 27. |
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Later footnotes |
Dunning, Renewable Energy, p.35. |
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Bibliography |
Dunning, Henry, Renewable Energy (Cambridge: Independence Educational Publishers, 2018) |
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Journal |
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First footnote |
Zara Davies, ‘Human Walking: Mechanics and Muscle’, Biological Science Review, 30.4 (2018), 26-30 (p. 27). |
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Later footnote |
Davies, ‘Human Walking’, p.28 |
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Bibliography |
Davies, Zara, ‘Human Walking: Mechanics and Muscle’, Biological Science Review, 30.4 (2018), 26-30 |
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Website |
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First footnote |
Fern Riddell, Suffragettes, Violence and Militancy (2018) <https://www.bl.uk/votes-for-women/articles/suffragettes-violence-and-militancy> [accessed 14 December 2021]. |
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Later footnote |
Riddell, Suffragettes. |
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Bibliography |
Riddell, Fern, Suffragettes, Violence and Militancy (2018) <https://www.bl.uk/votes-for-women/articles/suffragettes-violence-and-militancy> [accessed 14 December 2021] |
For more information, and examples of other sources, check out the MHRA guides and online tutorial on this page.
An online style guide for the MHRA referencing system, created by the Modern Humanities Research Association.
Complete this short online tutorial created by the University of Cardiff Library Service to improve your knowledge of the MHRA referencing system.
You use footnotes in documents to provide references, and explain or comment on something mentioned in your text. Footnotes appear at the bottom of each page.
Word will insert a reference mark (number) in the body of your text, and add the footnote at the bottom of the page.
Ensure that the dialog box options are set to:
